This first-in-human study was carried out by a team of  researchers and clinicians at A*STAR’s Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging (IBB)  and the National University Hospital (NUH) since 2017, with patients recruited through  the National University Cancer Institute, Singapore. 

Breast conserving surgeries are often performed to remove and treat early-stage cancers.  However, there is a possibility of incomplete excision and a need for reoperation, which  affects about 15 per cent of patients who undergo the surgery. The objective of this  imaging technology is to help breast surgeons in the operating theatre with the complete  removal of cancer tissues and give patients the best chance at a successful breast  conserving surgery, preventing the need for reoperation.  

Currently, clinicians use conventional specimen imaging equipment like X-rays or  ultrasound which is conducted after the surgery. However, these technologies do not  detect subtle or tiny cancer cells which could indicate incomplete excision of cancer. 

If the surgeon is able to determine an incomplete excision of the tumour during the  operation, they could continue to remove the leftover cancerous tissues.  

The researchers have demonstrated earlier that photoacoustically-derived distribution of  fat and blood in the excised specimen showed distinct patterns in those specimens where  the tumour was completely excised (negative margin specimens); compared to those that  have tumour remnants (positive margin specimens).1  

In breasts, collagen is one of the major structural components of the tissue architecture  and also an important component of the cancer microenvironment. In addition to imaging  fat and blood of varying oxygenation status, being able to image the distribution of  collagen in breast tissue allows for greater accuracy in assessing the success of the  surgery. 

Dr Gayathri Balasundaram, Research Scientist at A*STAR’s IBB said, “We worked  together with breast radiologists and surgeons from NUH to demonstrate proof of concept  of photoacoustic imaging to assess the success of breast cancer surgery. These findings  could help in further development of an accurate surgical margin assessment tool that  can provide intraoperative feedback, which would enhance the success of breast surgery.  This could help to reduce reoperation and prevent further psychological stress for  patients.”  

Prof Malini Olivo, Senior Principal Investigator at A*STAR’s IBB added, “The novel  photoacoustic ultrasound hybrid imaging technology developed at IBB’s Translational  Biophotonics lab could be game changing to identify both structural and intrinsic  biomarkers that determine cancer margins during breast cancer surgery.”  

The Principal Investigator of the study, Dr Goh Yong Geng, who is also a Consultant at  the Department of Diagnostic Imaging in NUH said: “Based on our first-in-human study,  we have determined that the diagnostic accuracy of this method is about 95 to 99 per  cent. This is a very promising imaging technology that can improve the efficacy of breast  cancer surgeries. We will continue to leverage this technology for further advancement in  

1 Optoacoustic characterization of breast conserving surgery specimens – A pilot study. Photoacoustics Volume 19, September 2020, 100164 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacs.2020.100164

improving the efficiency and effectiveness of breast cancer treatment to help save on  costs and time for patients and hospital resources.”  

The team plans to conduct further research using this method of imaging through larger  studies in the future.